Intelligence Is The Only Predictor Of Intelligence

Everyday, we see new faces and pass judgement on them based off trivial factors, whether it be the way they dress, the color of their skin, or their mannerisms and vocabulary. These judgements are natural, and cause problem only when they continue to define others even after first impressions. If these initial impressions persist, they can create stereotypes. Oftentimes, one’s perceived level of intelligence is a judgement that remains beyond first impressions. The idea of ‘intelligence’ for most is simply defined as one’s vocabulary, manner of speaking, and grammar, or level of education. However, education does not equal intelligence, as only academic intelligence can be taught. Even if one is innately ‘book smart,’ this means†¦show more content†¦Motivation is an ability that cannot be taught in class, but must be acquired through one’s upbringing and experiences, whether they be social, personal, or any other. Intelli gence is nothing without some sort of motivation, and teachers such as Angela-Lee Duckworth, a psychologist studying at the University of Pennsylvania, remain â€Å"convinced that every one of [their] students could learn the material if they worked hard and long enough†(Duckworth). In fact, studies ranging from military academics to spelling bees prove that success can be predicted by one’s grit. The determination and focus of any person in any field is bound to bring him more success than the person who does not exert effort and simply glides along. While there may always be â€Å"highly intelligent students...who sleep during class yet manage to ace a test,†(Lasalle) they are not applying themselves and are unlikely to succeed in the future. The lack of resolve shown in early life will most likely persist throughout one’s adult career, limiting the amount of success that he can obtain. It is illogical to use one’s level of education as a so le component of intelligence as motivation is key to utilising intelligence. Not only is motivation an element of intelligence, but common sense and emotional intelligence are incredibly important as well. What use are book smarts if one does not know to look both ways before crossing the street? Thus,

Juvenile Diabetes Essay - 987 Words

Living with Juvenile Diabetes Diabetes medically known as diabetes mellitus is the name given to disorders in which the body has trouble regulating its blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels. Diabetes is due to one of two mechanisms inadequate production of insulin (which is made by the pancreas and lowers blood glucose) or inadequate sensitivity of cells to the action of insulin. (Definition). There are two different forms of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 diabetes is known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes is known as non-insulin-dependent. Type 1 diabetes often develops in children, adolescents, and young adults, so its sometimes called juvenile diabetes. â€Å"According to the American Diabetes†¦show more content†¦Hyperglycemia results when a glucose level rises above 120 mg/dL. Diabetes can be diagnosed by several tests. The fasting blood glucose test is a common test to use. To perform this test patients are not allowed to eat or drink for at least eight hours. This test is usually done in the morning before breakfast. A blood specimen is collected and sent to the lab. A normal result is a glucose level less than 100 mg/dL. Any result greater than 100 mg/dL on two or more tests indicates diabetes. Random blood glucose testing may also indicate diabetes. A random blood draw is obtained at any point in the day and sent for testing. A level greater than 200 mg/dL is positive for diagnosis. Because there is no cure, diabetes is controlled be diet, exercise, and medication. Type 2 diabetics can often control the disease process by diet and exercise alone. When the two prove not to be enough oral medication may also be used. Type 1 diabetics need insulin to control their blood glucose. Insulin is administered subcutaneously or into the tissues beneath the skin. Injection sites include the abdomen, thighs, buttocks, and the anterior and posterior parts of the upper arm. If not properly controlled, diabetes can lead to severa l long-term complications. Examples include retinopathy, neuropathy, and vascular complications. Having a child diagnosed with diabetes canShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Diabetes1364 Words   |  6 PagesJuvenile mellitus diabetes is a commonly a type 1 diabetes. This form of diabetes is a condition with a disordered metabolism. It is exhibited in high glucose levels due to lack of or insufficiency of insulin secretion in the pancreas organ. It happens in such a way that when a juvenile eats food it is broken down into glucose. The sugar has propensity of exceeding bloodstream into certain body cells using a hormone known as the insulin. This hormone is manufactured in the pancreas. Usually theRead MoreA Brief Note On Diabetes And Juvenile Diabetes2021 Words   |  9 PagesWhen it comes to diabetes, there are multiple types of diabetes. Some of the different types are Type1, Type 2, and Gestational, Diabetes LADA, Diabetes MODY, Double Diabetes, Type 3 Diabetes, Steroid-Included Diabetes, Brittle Diabetes, Secondary Diabetes, Diabetes Insipidus and Juvenile Diabetes. All of these diabetes do have something in common. They all cause the blood glucose levels to go higher than normal. This condition can apply to anyone of any age level. Over 382 million people inRead MoreThe Treatment Of Juvenile Diabetes1232 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1980, there were zero cases of juvenile diabetes. However, because of unhealthy habits and nutrition in America, the cases of juvenile diabetes increased up to 57,636 in 2010. Over the past several decades, people have been establishing fast- food restaurants and processed foods. 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This can all be overwhelmingRead MoreThe Effects of Juvenile Diabetes on Children9802 Words   |  40 PagesTHE EFFECTS OF JUVENILE DIABETES IN CHILDREN Submitted by Jonah de Vera Johanna Marie Nicolas Business Department Assumption College San Lorenzo Village, Makati March 6, 2008 I. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Diabetes was known way back by physicians of Ancient Greece and named as such and means â€Å"siphon† in Greek and was not as spectacular as it is now.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Doctors and scientists think diabetes may be caused by viruses, genetics and environmental factors such as obesity and lack of exerciseRead More Type 1 Diabetes (Juvenile Diabetes) Essay2177 Words   |  9 PagesType 1 diabetes, is an incurable but treatable disease which can occur at any age but is mostly found in children due to the high levels of glucose in the blood (Eckman 2011). Juvenile diabetes affects about 1 in every 400-600 children and more than 13,000 are diagnosed yearly (Couch 2008). Type 1 Diabetes means your blood glucose, or blood sugar, is too high. With Type 1 diabetes, your pancreas does not make insulin. Insulin is a hormone, which helps glucose gets into your cells to provide energyRead MoreDiabetes : Juvenile Onset And Type I1676 Words   |  7 Pages Diabetes: Juvenile Onset and Type I Amber Ann Laudicina BY105 – Human Biology Professor Nicole Browning November 11, 2014 â€Æ' When people think of diabetes, they think it is one generalizable disease and fail to realize there are two main categories of diabetes, Type I and II. Type I is hereditary and is caused when insulin cannot be produced at all compared to Type II is when little insulin can be produced by the pancreas over time. There are several warning signs to prevent or help withRead MoreType 1 Diabetes Mellitus ( Or Juvenile Onset )1156 Words   |  5 PagesType 1 Diabetes Mellitus The aetiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus (or juvenile onset) is a localised auto immunity disease caused by type IV cell-mediated hypersensitivity. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (T cells) are responsible for the destruction of Beta (ÃŽ ²) cells with in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreases (Handorf, Sollinger, Alam, 2015). Although reasons why are unknown, this is due to T-Cell Receptors (TCR’s) binding to self-antigens presented by class 1 Major Histocompatibility ComplexRead MoreThe Use Of Juvenile Diabetes And Its Effects On Our Lives As Well As Their Interpersonal Relationships1426 Words   |  6 Pagesday with Type 1 Diabetes. According to the Boston Children’s Hospital website, type 1 diabetes (commonly called juvenile diabetes) is â€Å"an autoimmune disease- more specifically, a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism- in which the immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas (called beta cells).† In this paper, we wil l highlight how this disease affects many aspects of their daily lives as well as their interpersonal relationships. Type 1 diabetes affects all typesRead MoreJuvenile Diabetes : A Disease That More And More Children Are Getting Each Day? Essay1900 Words   |  8 Pages Juvenile Diabetes is a disease that more and more children are getting each day and it affect about 0.1 percent of children that are school age. There are two types of diabetes that are common in children. The first one is type one diabetes and the second one is type two diabetes. There are major health problems associated with type one including troubles physically, a multidisciplinary approach by physician, nurse and dietitian is needed to treat juvenile diabetes. In patients with new onset type

Venezuela Essay Research Paper Venezuela 19601999 Introduction free essay sample

Venezuela Essay, Research Paper Venezuela 1960-1999 Introduction Since the constitution of a democracy in 1961, Venezuela has dramatically increased its # 8217 ; function in the international community over the last four decennaries and has come away as a regional leader for the Latin American and the Caribbean parts. Venezuela forms one of the most built-in parts of Latin America. While its # 8217 ; being a leader of Latin America as a whole can non be overlooked, its # 8217 ; even greater function as portion of the Caribbean can non be ignored. This paper will analyze the International and Regional Foreign Policy of Venezuela during the last four decennaries, in the context of international, regional and domestic events. The concluding analysis will analyze the fortunes taking up to and the election of President Hugo Chavez every bit good as the present way of Venezuela in the international and regional context. I. Venezuela: A Panorama of the 60 # 8217 ; s through the 80 # 8217 ; s A. International Political System of the 1960-1980 The Soviet Union ( SU ) and the United States ( US ) emerged from World War II as the two universe powers. The US promoted democracy and capitalist economy while the Soviet Union promoted Communism and Marxism. These two powers at utmost opposite terminals of the political ideological spectrum, formed as the leaders of the Cold War. This was a war of dualism by manner of organizing confederations and distributing their political orientation with terminals to destruct the being of the other. The 1950ss set the phase for what would be an even more disruptive decennary ; the 1960ss. The autumn of China to communism was a elephantine blow to the US and its # 8217 ; democratic ideals. The US formed a policy harmonizing to the # 8216 ; Domino Theory # 8217 ; of the spread of communism that would be implemented throughout the Cold War. The Domino Theory stated that communism would be spread from one province to neighbour provinces, infecti ng parts throughout the universe. To counter and halt the spread of communism the US adopted the policy of: 1 ) back uping bing weak democracies or democracies threatened by communist governments 2 ) back uping bing anti-Communist dictators or military governments 3 ) straight implementing or indirectly fostering democratic governments and anti-Communist motions in Communist or procommunist states. The fist blunt illustration of this policy was implemented during the Korean War. The US sent military personnels to assist South Korea in their civil war against the Communist North Korea. Later, under the same protections, the US intervened in many other states, notably Vietnam, Guatemala, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Panama and Kuwait. The Soviet policy was aimed at the spread and brotherhood of the Communist/Socialist motions throughout the universe. The SU aided these motions vis- ? -vis money weaponries and in some instances invasion ( Czechoslovakia 1968 ) to back up Communist/Soci alist motions and authoritiess in all parts of the universe from greater extents in North Korea and Vietnam to little Communist/Socialist motions in the US and other democratic states. After WWII Soviet military forces neer retreated from, what would subsequently be termed, the Iron Curtain states. The SU installed the Iron Curtain over states such as East Germany, Poland, Austria and Hungry, to call a few. Free European states and the US formed and signed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. This battalion would be critical throughout the Cold War and would supply strength and reassurance to European states against the menace of Soviet expansionism. The 1950ss besides began an intensified race to go more technologically advanced. The SU successfully launched the first orbiter and adult male into infinite. These Soviet achievements sent fright into the US citizens. Domination of one province over the another in any one country, such as the infinite plan, was considered a mark of lower status. The US launched a profound run to # 8216 ; catch up # 8217 ; to the Soviet engineering. The US invested 1000000s of dollars in scientific discipline instruction for schools and poured money into the NASA plan. This was an utmost addition to the already rapid Weaponries Race that played a big function throughout the Cold War. During the 80 # 8217 ; s the SALT II and I was signed by the US and the SU to decelerate the Arms Race. Even so, engineering would play en even bigger portion of the well being of economic systems in the decennaries to come. The pinnacle of the Cold War erupted in the 1962 Cuban Missile Crises. In 1961 Castro officially announced that his government was Marxist/Leninist and began to aline Cuba with its ideological spouse, the SU. One twelvemonth subsequently, the US blocked Soviet ships armed with atomic missiles destined for Cuba. The Cuban Missile Crisis is considered the closest to war reached by the two states. The SU yielded to the US deman ds and sent their ships with atomic missiles back to the SU. Although the state of affairs was diffused for the minute, Castro would go on to antagonise the US throughout the undermentioned decennaries. During the 1960ss and 1970ss, following the Domino Theory, the US entered the Vietnam War. The US began directing military advisers to assist the South Vietnamese against the Northern Communist Vietcong. The execution of military advisers rapidly turned into 1000s of military personnels. The US finally withdrew all US forces from Vietnam and the Vietcong won the part. The 1970ss saw the terminal to the Vietnam War every bit good as a appeasement in the tensenesss between the US and SU. The US President Carter and his disposal brought away to the head of US foreign policy issues such as Human Rights and the Environment. These issues hadn # 8217 ; t antecedently been perceived as of import, but would play an even greater in political relations in the old ages to follow. The 1880ss had their ain struggles. The US President Reagan put the Carter issues on the back burner with invasions in Grenada and intercession in Nicaragua. Reagan was more focussed on covering with the SU and an terminal to the Arms Race. The SU and US signed SALT I and II every bit good as the Non-Proliferation Treaty ( CTBT ) . These pacts were a spot offset by the STAR WARS plan set Forth by the Reagan disposal. In 1989, the Berlin Wall fell and in the first half of the 1890ss the SU and Communism fell with it. Its # 8217 ; fall brought forth the American theoretical account of Democracy and Capitalism every bit good as American neo-liberalism. The 1890ss will be seen as the decennary of neo-liberalism. B. The Regional Politicss: Latin America and the Caribbean of the 1960-1980 The regional political relations will be understood best by acknowledging the states that defined the ambiance and dealingss of the two parts through the context of the Cold War. The US, Mexico, Argentina, Cuba, Braz il and Venezuela are the states that will be considered the states that autonomously lead and affected the parts. All other states will be considered states that had a lesser affect to the part but will be noted in every bit much as they played a important function to historic events in the part. United States and Cuba Latin America and the Caribbean are two of the parts that were most affected by the Cold War. Both of the parts have a close propinquity to the ruling hegemony of the part, the US, and therefore played an of import strategic function for the US and the viing SU. # 8220 ; It is strategically of import in four ways: 1 ) As a possible base from which a hostile power might establish military operations against the US # 8230 ; 2 ) As a beginning of strategic natural stuffs. Virtually all # 8230 ; bauxite, critical to airplane industry, comes from the Caribbean # 8230 ; [ and ] a one-fourth of [ US ] oil imports and one fifth of # 8230 ; Fe ore # 8230 ; black lead, S, Ba, fluorite and zinc # 8230 ; 3 ) As the location of American districts and military installings. 4 ) As a major seaborne logistic path, # 8221 ; that includes the critical control of the Panama Canal. For these grounds the US has played a elephantine function in the internal political relations of Latin America and the Caribbean. Furthermore, the US increased its # 8217 ; function in the Latin American and Caribbean part during the Cold War. The US has longed viewed the parts as dominated by unstable political systems that could be easy influenced and taken over by Communism which could rapidly distribute throughout the part. Unstable authoritiess that could go Communist and house Soviet atomic arms in the American hemisphere prompted the US to fasten its # 8217 ; kick on the parts battling Socialist/Communist motions. The Cuban Case best exemplifies US frights of what could go on in Latin America and the Caribbean without careful control. In 1958, the US made it clear that i t would no longer back up the Batista totalitarian government during the Cuban Revolution by seting a trade trade stoppage on weaponries exports to Cuba. In January 1, 1959 Batista fled the state and Castro moved into Havana. In 1961 the relationship with Cuba and Castro changed everlastingly when he announced he was Marxist/Leninist. The US cut off all formal dealingss with Cuba and supported the ill-famed # 8220 ; Bay of Pigs # 8221 ; invasion by Cuban refugees that failed miserably. In 1962, the US began enterprises to barricade Cuban dealingss with other American during the 8th OAS conference in Uruguay. In the resulting old ages, many American provinces would take the lead of the US and break dealingss with Cuba. After the loss of Cuba, the US was less tolerant of revolutions and broad minded political governments in the part. In 1965, military officers of the Dominican Republic overthrew the authorities. In April 1965 the US sent 1000s of military personnels in to set down t he leftovers of the # 8220 ; Communist and castroite # 8221 ; Trujillo military government. The beginning of the 1960ss besides marked a alteration in US policy towards the two parts. In 1961, the Kennedy disposal announced the Alliance for Progress to back up and beef up capitalist ventures and development in the parts. The Alliance for Progress passed the US Congress and was granted $ 500 million. The bulk of the $ 500 million was appropriated to the Social Progress Trust Fund of the Inter-American Development Bank, specifically set aside for soft-loan undertakings that would non usually acquire funded by that bank or the World Bank. Such undertakings included ; agricultural reform, just pay and public assistance benefits for urban labour, commissariats of lodging and wellness and sanitation steps, decrease in literacy, revenue enhancement reform and monetary value stabilisation. This was to supply a manner out for many of the poorest of the Latin American and Caribbean states. # 8220 ; The basic end of the Alliance for Progress was an one-year addition of 2.5 % of the combined gross national merchandise of the take parting Latin American states, a end difficult to accomplish because of the high population growing rate of several countries. # 8221 ; Regardless, the capital from the Alliance for Progress was used for development, and endeavor that wouldn # 8217 ; Ts have otherwise existed due to Latin American rising prices and fiscal instability. While the Alliance for Progress tried to replace the American image after the Bay of Pigs, the loans were non every bit effectual as predicted. After the Bay of Pigs and the Cuba Missile Crisis, Cuba took it # 8217 ; s ain path back uping it # 8217 ; s Marxist Revolutions throughout the part and in Africa. The Cubans attempted to assist Marxist motions in Venezuela and Bolivia. Guevara and the Marxist Cuban Revolution stopped in Bolivia where Guevara was assassinated in 1967. Every decennary after the 60 # 8 217 ; s, Cuba has played less and less of a function in international and regional political relations albeit from some minor brushs instigated by Castro. Cuba and Castro have been progressively attacked for Human Rights misdemeanors. Argentina During the 50 # 8217 ; s, Argentina under General Peron had taken the # 8220 ; Third Position # 8221 ; , that being an intermediary place between the US and the SU. Peron renewed dealingss with the SU after decennaries of silence. # 8220 ; However, as a manner of procuring a supply of weaponries from the US, Peron indicated in August, 1946, that in the event of existent war between the US and the SU, Argentina would be on the side of the US. # 8221 ; Then under President Frondizi, Argentina made a move to aline itself with Brazil and other South American states in a treaty that would do South America a strategic confederation apart from the Cold War states. This move would travel no farther though because Frondizi would be overthrown by a military putsch and Brazilian President Quadros resigned from office in 1961. Frondizi besides made an effort to go a go-between between dealingss with Cuba and the US. He met in secret with Che Guevara and US diplomat Richard Goodwin in 1961. But the negotiations went no farther as the places of either state were nonnegotiable. When the military overthrew the authorities in 1966, it took an highly anticommunist stance that would prefer the US. Brazil Brazilian dealingss changed after the 1960 election of President Quadros. He made trips to Cuba, Yugoslavia and sent his vice-president to the SU and China showing that close ties to the US would be reevaluated. He began closer dealingss with Asia, Africa and the SU. Beyond that, he stopped the Brazilian military preparation in the US. This was an utmost displacement from the close dealingss that the US had enjoyed antecedently. Quadros resigned in 1961 and was replaced by President Joao Goulart. Goulart furthered dealingss when in 1 963 Brazil entered into a five-year trade understanding with the SU. After the Cuba Missile Crisis, the Goulart disposal voted against the OAS encirclement of Cuba. Like Frondizi in Argentina, Goulart was taken out of office by a military putsch in 1964. The Brazilian Military Coup returned toward a closer relationship with the US than with the SU. This military putsch kept reasonably close dealingss with the US until its # 8217 ; autumn in 1985. Mexico Since the 1800 # 8217 ; s, Mexico has taken a rigorous noninterventionist stance to foreign dealingss because of the US military intercessions in Mexico. Although this stance has neer been compromised in Mexican foreign policy, it has lead to some ambiguities. For illustration in 1962, Mexico chastised Castro for being Marxist/Leninist and held to her ain jurisprudence of private belongings. While at the same clip subscribing an OAS declaration declaring Marxism as being incompatible with OAS ideals, she abstained on the ballot to except Cuba from the OAS. Mexico was one of the lone American provinces to keep good dealingss with Cuba throughout the Cold War. Although Mexico neer supported the US straight because of the many intercessions in the part, Mexico neer strayed really far from the US ideologically. It has ever remained a democracy with capitalist markets. In the 1970ss and 1880ss, Mexico began a ferocious race to catch up the industrialised universe. The Mexican authorities borrowed 1000000s of dollars to make oil and excavation industries. During the 1880ss Mexico went a long manner in industrialisation. Many bookmans and economic experts were naming it the # 8220 ; Mexican Miracle # 8221 ; . The Miracle would be stopped short tungsten ith the Pesos’ fall in value that forced many industries and the government to refinance the debt and halt the once fast pace of industrialization. C. Venezuela 1960-1980: The Coming of a Regional Power Since the birth of its’ constitution and democracy in 1961, Venezuela quickly rose to be one of the most influential of all the Latin American and Caribbean countries in regional and international politics. Due to large oil reserves, the Venezuelan economy flourished and brought Venezuela forth as the rich democratic leader of the third world. Venezuela also achieved an established democracy that lasted for more than thirty years. None of the political scientists of the era predicted that Venezuela would be one of the first Latin American countries to become democratic because of its’ long history of military dictators. This all changed December 15, 1957 after the false elections of the military dictator Marcos Perez Jimenez which stated that he won by an incred ible 85% . In January 1, 1958, there was a military insurrection led by the junior military officers of the airforce as well as a civilian revolt named the Patriotic Junta. The airforce dropped bombs on the capital. The insurrection was not very well planned or coordinated, but the bombs were enough to scare Perez and his cronies to flee the country with about $250 million of the Venezuelan treasury. All the political parties of the Patriotic Junta could not agree on a political candidate for the upcoming new elections in December of the same year. So in October 31, 1958 the leaders of Accion Democatica, Romulo Betancourt; Copei, Rafael Caldera, and Union Republicana Democratica, Jovito Villalba came together to draw up the Pact of Punto Fijo. Also underwritten were the Fedecamaras, Confederacion de Trabajadores de Venezuela, the Catholic Church and the Fuerzas Armadas. Punto Fijo guaranteed the political stability of the government by compromising between all the countries’ major powers. The biggest points of the pact are â€Å"1) Defensa de la constitucionalidad y derecho a gobernar conforme al resultado electoral. 2) Gobierno de Unidad Nacional, dando participacion en el poder a la oposicion. 3) Programa minimo comun, lo que permitiria garantizar la cooperacion partidista durante el proceso electoral†. This pact allowed for fair elections among all the parties. In December 1958, Romulo Betancourt won the presidential elections with 49% of the vote and also won the majority of seats in both congressional houses . Betancourt realized that he would have to consolidate power and form a coalition of the nations’ most powerful entities to form and establish a sturdy democracy that would last. Most importantly, Betancourt announced that there would be no prosecution of crimes during the dictatorship as well as increased military salaries and housing along with weekly trips he made to visit the military barracks . This formed a coalition with t he military forces that had always played a large role in the destruction of ruling governments. Although Betancourt made many other alliances he refused to include the extreme left. This was of growing concern as Cuba had just won its’ revolution against Batista in 1959. Many Communist student movements formed with the Venezuelan Communist Party (PCV) which later merged with the Fuerzas Armadas de Liberacion Nacional (FALN), both of which were outlawed, that participated in guerrilla warfare in the jungles of Venezuela as well as bombing oil lines and the US embassy . The FALN was supported not only morally by Castro, but also with arms. Three tons of arms were found abandoned on a Venezuelan beach with clear ties to Cuba in 1963. Castro was not the only one that wanted Betancourt out of office and the Communists in. Rafeal Leonidas Trujillo Molina, the dictator of the Dominican Republic was responsible for the June 1960 car bombing that killed a military aid and severely bu rned Betancourt . These events influenced the Betancourt Doctrine, which stated that Venezuela would not recognize any regime that came to power by way of military intervention . Then Venezuela voted to expel Cuba from OAS membership and later broke diplomatic relations with Cuba in 1961 . In 1961 after encountering an empty treasury, Betancourt called out to the US for a $300 million dollar loan to combat Castro and the Communist insurgency groups. The US sent $450.6 million dollars between 1962 and 1965 . The US could not afford to let go of a country that supplied so much oil by way of US companies, not to mention that it has been considered the â€Å"keystone† country to the Caribbean region. The US had many fears because Cuba had easy access to Venezuela’s neighbor, Guyana, which was already the second most communist country behind Cuba. Guyana sent more students to study in the SU only behind Cuba and in later years Castro would send troops to Angola via Guyana . Two of the most important actions that highlighted the Betacourt administration are 1) the elections of 1963 that secured a real functioning democracy 2) the creation of Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) by his minister of energy, Juan Pablo Perez Alonzo in 1960 . Although it did not have much power during its’ beginning years, it would be seen as a powerful organization in the years to follow. AD candidate Raul Leoni was elected in 1963 and took office in 1964. Leoni didn’t make any radical changes and followed suit with Betacourts’ reforms. He did still have to face the influence of Castro. The PCV became so out of control that Leoni was forced to search the Universities of Caracas for members that had broken the law. Things came to a head when the military encountered â€Å"a small landing party headed by a Cuban army officer†¦ Machurucuto in the state of Miranda.† The situation calmed down and Leoni passed some good agrarian r eform laws. The economy under Leoni also proved to be one of the more healthy ones averaging a healthy 5.5% annually . Largely, the Leoni administration was a carry over from the Betacourt reforms. Venezuela demonstrated yet again that it was devoted to democracy in the 1968 elections. The AD was split over candidates, which led to the election of COPEI candidate Rafael Caldera . Venezuela passed the test forming an even stronger democracy when the AD passed over the presidential sash to the opposing party, the COPEI. Caldera filled the government with strictly COPEI members and did not make any effort at coalitions. Caldera began by reversing many of the reforms already put forth in the previous AD administrations. Caldera reinstated the PCV as a legal political party and then claimed that it lowered the guerrilla violence. Yet the opposition maintained that it was due to the reevaluation of diplomacy by Cuba and the SU as a result of the death of Che Guevara in 1967 and the Soviet invasion of Czechoslavakia in 1968. Moreover, Caldera rejected the Betacourt Doctrine as too restrictive for Venezuelan interests. Caldera also maintained that the Doctrine was just foreign policy that promoted US wellbeing. In effect, Caldera stated that Venezuela would no longer be limited by such doctrines and that it would seek â€Å"ideological pluralism† . Caldera then opened relations with the SU, Eastern Europe and many South American nations that had fallen under military regimes. In 1973, Caldera signed the Lima Consensus that entered Venezuela into the Andean Treaty (Ancom) . The entrance was a positive one because Venezuela was allowed to make many adjustments to the agreement so it would not hurt local businessmen forced to compete with cheap Andean goods. Venezuela also joined for fear of the Brazilian expansion in the region, which was under a military dictatorship . In as much as Caldera strengthened Venezuelas’ Andean identity, it put forth as much, i f not more, effort in furthering its’ Caribbean identity. Caldera began to put extra capitol from petroleum into the Caribbean Development Bank. These funds derived from petroleum were used to finance loans for Central American and Caribbean countries to buy oil at cheaper prices. This practice would be expanded in later years. While the Caldera administration strayed away from and even undid, many of the two previous AD administration policies, Caldera produced a healthy economy and expanded its’ relations and identity throughout the region and indeed the world. The elections of 1973 again gave the power back to Carlos Andres Perez and the AD. Perez and the AD captured 48% of the vote as well as the majority in both houses in congress and the majority of the provinces. In October 1973, the Arab-Israeli War began and quadrupled oil prices. The Venezuelan treasury was suddenly flooded with capitol and inflation began to rise raidly. Perez quickly decided to invest $6 bi llion of extra annual revenue outside the country in foreign investments by setting up the Venezuelan Investment Fund (FIV) . Some $25 million was also sent to the Caribbean Investment Bank to expand Caribbean development and other loans were made to Central American petroleum importing countries so they could buy oil during the price hike. The Perez administration began expansion on all levels in all areas. The Perez administration visited Spain, France, Great Britain, Italy, the SU, Asia, Africa, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and Japan. They also received diplomats from all over the world. Venezuela under the Perez administration converted to a rich third world country overnight. Perez took this opportunity to expand or reach to other third world nations of the world, depending on how one looks as it. Perez began speaking more and more about third worldism and ventures to unite them together to combat the first world hegemony. Many countries in the Caribbean and Central America began following the initiative by taking loans from Venezuela as a third world leader instead of the US. To such an extent that it was weakening the functionality CARICOM. Beyond finances, Perez moved into a more diplomatic role with Panama in trying to mediate a negotiation between the Panama and the US for the Canal. Perez also reached out to reunite Cuba with the rest of the OAS, although the attempt failed, Cuba would be incorporated by closer diplomatic relations with Mexico and Venezuela. Mexican President Luis Echeverria Alvarez (1970-76) and Perez joined forces as the two spokesmen for the union of Latin America against the US. Together they formed the Latin American Economic System (SELA) with headquarters in Caracas. This was an organization that was formed to share technologies between the Latin American nations as well as develop and protect the economies of the region (23 Latin American countries promptly joined and the US was excluded) . He supported t he Sandinistas in Nicaragua against the Samoza Family. Perez even went so far as to send arms to the Sandanistas during the revolution. Although Perez exuded third world politics and third world organizations such as OPEC, it did not participate in the 1973 Oil Embargo, which weakened the strength of the organization. However, Venezuela did fall in line with the price rise before and during the Embargo, which greatly benefited Venezuela. During the Embargo, Perez increased oil shipment to the US to cover the loss of oil from the Arab nations. However, this favor was not returned when the US excluded all the members of OPEC from the â€Å"1974 Trade Act, which created the Generalized System of Trade Preferences to lower tariffs on designated imports from developing nations† . This along with the US intervention in the military coup in Chile really miffed Venezuelans. Domestically, Perez began spending millions of dollars on state run industries and increased government spendin g by 200% . Venezuela took over the iron and oil companies that were largely owned by the US. The influx of money into the domestic market due to the excess of petro-dollars led to conspicuous consumption by Venezuelans. This was largely due to Perez’s idea of spreading the wealth of the oil revenues with the public by imposing price controls on commodities and other basic staples. Imported cars and processed foods from the US rose to all time high levels as well as the highest level of importation of Scotch in the world . Perezs’ plan of industrialization in ten years funded by the oil capitol had loopholes. For instance Venezuela while it invested millions in industries, they had no way of transporting the goods without heavy industry trucks to carry the product as well as roads to support the heavy trucks. The lack of infrastructure to support the heavy industries was evident. Thousands of workers were sent abroad to learn new industry technology, but when they retu rned the industries never quite processed like their competitors abroad. The spending spree of the Perez government became so bad that they had to impose extremely high tariffs on imported goods. In 1971 Perez coordinated a conference to discuss the up coming conference of the Law of the Sea. Now that Venezuela had become rich over night because of its’ oil wealth, all the Caribbean and Latin American nations became interested in oil developments off the coasts of their countries. Yet it was still unclear exactly where one draws the line of international waters and a countries private waters. Along this same line, many Caribbean and Latin American nations were competing fiercely with industrialized nations for rich fishing industry off their coasts. This was also a concern for Trinidad/Tobago with the coastline that they share with Venezuela. The conference concluded that the â€Å"Caribbean Position† was composed to be † a sovereign territorial limit of twelve m iles but â€Å"patrimonial waters of up to 200 miles. In the ‘patrimonial waters,’ coastal states would have full sovereignty over natural resources in the sea and seabed, but they would have no jurisdiction over navigational rights beyond the twelve mile limit.† It was of utmost importance to the developing third world Caribbean and Latin American countries because of â€Å"an estimated 1,500 billion barrels of oil under the sea floor and endangered fish stock that yields about $18 billion worth of high-protein food annually, an estimated $3 trillion worth of manganese and other minerals†¦Ã¢â‚¬  . The third UN Conference convened in Caracas in 1974 with some 5000 delegates. The Conference turned out to be unmanageable and an agreement was not reached. The US was against the 200 mile limit of mineral rights and was up against hard opposition because of the Oil Embargo in the previous year that sent oil prices through the roof and sent oil companies looking throughout the ocean for oil reserves. The Secretary of State Kissinger stated that the US could no longer afford to wait for an international settlement although

The Lagoon Essay Example

The Lagoon Paper Introduction to the Study of English Literature Acharn Rongrat Dusdeesurapot September 18, 2010 Final Paper Arsat : Life that hanging on the moral, traditional values and blind love Joseph Conrad’s â€Å"The lagoon† portrays the life of a Malaysian man â€Å"Arsat† who afraid to live forward, just waiting for the bright future which is not likely to come, even at the dawn of the new day after the death of his wife. In this short story of Conrad, intensely describes the dramatic feeling of Arsat , suffered by his own decision which result in the sad ending of his brother and wife. As the story proceeds, it gradually revealing many point of view which have powerful effect on Arsat’s life. Arsat, as an ordinary man, has affection toward Diamelen (his lover, who was previously a servant of the Rajahs wife). But his desire some how not easily to be completed. As one’s life is not only depend on itself, it has to adjust itself with others life in the world, containing variation of livings. Social is one of the powerful factor that effecting Arsat’s life, if there is no social there might not have the elopement. Social always has its own way of administration such as social judgement and traditional values which were used as an organization of the society. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lagoon specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Lagoon specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Lagoon specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Arsat, too, is one of the victim of the society because of its self-organization, being a victim in traditional valuation bringing the great mistake to his decision. In Conrad’s works, he always contrasts Eastern and Western attitude, describing Western as an area of modern civilization and Eastern as an ancient civilization. Therefore, Eastern countries are full of out-of-date, undeveloped and impractical tradition. The duty of Arsat as the sword-bearers f the Ruler has been entailing from time to time and make it way to him, liking a slave status. So, for him and his family, this duty can’t be denied, these can be assumed that nowadays Eastern still has the unreasonable rule that opposing people from their individual right. This make Arsat has no choice but conform to this Ruler’s principle. Because every country , in old days , the servant have to serve the royalty with there life forever, although at the present this tradition is likely to be discarded for a long time. The bad thing is when Arsat can’t accept this tradition anymore, the people or the royalty have to hunt him down before other will follow his path. The elopement of Arsat and Diamelen breaks the rule of Rajah the word rajah means king, the leaders of local tribes and old kingdoms had that title before Indonesia became an independent nationbeing disloyal and these was the grand turning point of his life. The story takes place in Malaysia which has â€Å"Islam† as the national religion, even though it doesn’t has any precise taboo in Islam’s rule, still the elopement is shouldn’t be done in any religion. It causes bother for everyone who evolved and it never Tongyoo 2 lasts so long, because the lover have no marital rights and no family support. The basic unit of Islamic society is the family, and Islam defines the obligations and legal rights of family members in marriage. Marriage in Islam is a civil contract which consists of an offer and acceptance between two qualified parties in the presence of two witnesses. In Arsat’s case, both of their family can be presented as the royalty—both King and Queen—for Diamelen, as a servant of the queen, she can’t get married until the Queen give her a permission, so the elopement of the lover is unacceptable. The lover who are not conform the contract will be expelled from the society. Arsat’s former society can’t accept his action, even his new society at the lagoon too, is not accept him because of his weird attitude toward this area which has ghostly reputation and frighten aspect and this is the impact of tradition values too. The polers deny him because he is a strangers, more important because he has not fear in ghost â€Å". . . hey disliked Arsat, first as a stranger, and also because he who repairs a ruined house, and dwells in it, proclaims that he is not afraid to live amongst the spirits that haunt the places abandoned by mankind. Such a man can disturb the course of fate by glances or words. † We are led to think that Arsat has something mysterious by the description of his isolation that no man would live in such a place without having a reason of his action. Although Arsat is not afraid of ghost he is haunted by the bittersweet past that he has kept his desire, trusting himself into the betrayal toward his brother and disloyalty to his ruler. The old superstitious of ghost and evil still exist in the east, dividing folk into 2 sides, the believe one and the disbelieve one. These lead to the opposite feeling toward each side, believing that whoever not agree to the priority, that one will be a stranger and excluding from the society. Arsat, too, is the stranger, so he live alone with his wife, no folk want to be near him. Maybe, his wife might not die if the polers accept in this difference, Diamelen might be cured or relieved by the poles’ help. Those that mentioned is only the external conflict of human, confronting with other people in society. The main principle that directly effects on people’s life too, is morality which rooting in human’s mind. Morality is a sense of behavior that differentiates intentions, decisions and actions between those that are right or wrong, bad or good, for Arsat this sense is hard to help him make a decision. Arsat, in the story, faces this internal conflict, the morality, 2 times, one occurs in his brother’s incidence and the second one occurs in his wife incidence. Looking back at the time Atsat run away with Diamelen and his brother, he himself, turn his back toward his brother, when he was captured, even though he hear his brother screaming out his name for three times, as Saint Peter has denied Jesus three times: a man who had been his brother, teaching him and giving friendship to Peter. he betrayed his brother for a women he loved and no looking back. In this case, no matter how hard he tries to do the right thing by helping his brother, but at the time, his selfishness overwhelming him, Tongyoo 3 making him blind and sees only himself’s happiness. Arsat, pressed by passion abandons his brother to the hands of the enemies and escapes with Diamelen, to live in the shadows of The Lagoon. He had made his choice â€Å" Then I looked at her , Tuan , I pushed the Canoe. He heard his brother call him twice and yet he wanted to live for his passion â€Å"Was she not there in that canoe ? And could I not with her find a country where death is forgotten where death is unknown† There is a question that we, readers, have to make a decision whether Arsat hates his brother or not. The paradox of Arsat’s statement is still vague â€Å"Theres no worse enemy and no better friend than a brother. . .   Ã¢â‚¬ . Did he envy in his brothers bravery ? This ambiguity is expressed when Arsat speaks out â€Å"What did I care who died ? I wanted peace in my own heart. † or may be they are just a brotherhood rival, still if Arsat truly hates his brother, his sudden action of discarding his brother might not have nothing to do with his morality. When Diamelen dies, Arsat looking back to himself with the mistake that he has done. He, for once, thinks with moral that if she had not followed him to this remote place, she would have been cared for and therefore would not have met the death. One of the reason that she died is because she brings herself against her people’s social traditions. At her death, Arsat feels empty and understands that everything had been an illusion and he had left his brother to die for nothing. In the end, as his conclusion, his own passion is the main cause of the death of both people he loves. Despite from the morality and tradition values, there is still a one main factor that has powerful effect on Arsat and that thing is love. For Arsat , his love toward his beloved wife, Diamelen is so powerful and pure that nothing can stop him from being with her, still he doesn’t notice that his pure love is nothing but an illusion. It makes a person blind and irresponsible to the family and society. His duty is to serve his King but he rejecting his duty and follow his heart, yet it is a good thing, but in other aspect this feeling of passion can bring disaster to his family, administration and even himself. Arsats love for Diamelen makes him blind and he truly becomes a half man without any sense of responsibility to family and his own country. Arsat confesses of how he took Diamelen and run off with her instead of avenging his brother’s death, this can be implied that he is motivated by own desire not by any sensible reason or logic. The conclusion The lagoon is the story of isolation and failure. The isolation of a man who throw away his life and try to fulfill his passionate desire, occurred by love. The lagoon is not only a symbol for isolation in its physical of differentiated area but also Arsat’s moral that only cares for his Tongyoo 4 sake and desire. Arsart kicks himself free from the world and the universe, doesn’t has to care for the royalty or other people attitude, as long as he can has his desire. He even unconsciously destructs Diamelen because of his selfish attitude. It revealed by his action that he choose to have passion better than pride â€Å"There is a time when a man should forget loyalty and respect. Might and authority are given to rulers, but to all men is given love and strength and courage†. In the end, Arsat’s possession of Diamelen is nonpossession, she leave him there, alone in the world Life, is somehow full with controversy, Sometimes it leans toward us but sometimes it doesn’t and likely to depends on the society valuation. Even thought we have decided to believe in ourselves, insisting to stand for our path and be honest to our thought. In the end we still be eliminated, condemned, resisted by the society, because of our difference in thought and action. Living in society, is too difficult to deal with, human can’t only adjust or block their own thought for others forever, if they do so, there will be no difference in any humanity and will no more be themselves. As a result of social pressure, some people have to struggles for live their own life and not depend on the society just like Arsat. Yes, it might good to fully be yourself but it will be bad if you only think for yourself and not even care fore other people. In the end, people will be familiar with their selfishness and it will bring disaster to their life. As a suggestion, studying from Arsat’s life, everything has a solution whether it will be difficult or not. Life is ours and life is not ours, we have to accept the truth that humans are social animals, we create complex social structures composed of many groups, from families to nations. Social interactions between humans establish a variety of values, social norms and rituals, which together form the basis of human society. From this reason, humans can’t stay alone and in order to live with other people, we have to conform the rules of the society with reasonable evaluation, at the same time respect our thought that will bring us happiness which is not injure other people, family and ourselves. Writer Resource Conrad, Joseph. â€Å"The lagoon. † Cornhill Magazine, 1897. Alvarez, Carmen G. The lagoon A study in imagery, 2009. Billy, Ted. A wilderness of words: closure and disclosure in Conrads short fiction, Texas: Texas tech university press, 2007.

The Chrysalids The Importance Of Telepathy Essays -

The Chrysalids: The importance of telepathy Some people dream about having an ability to communicate through mental telepathy. Some even claimed to have this ability but it played an important role in the novel The Chrysalids. The author created an interesting environment. There was no communication and the only people who could communicate between each other were the ones that had the power of telepathy. Because in some areas the land was so dangerous because of the radiation that people were cut of from another and left on a small piece of land. They could not communicate. Though-shapes not only developed the plot of the story but greatly affected the lives of some characters and might affect Waknuk. We all know that people in Waknuk were very superstitious but did it actually help the plot to develop? On page 91 through 103 finally and idea gets out about some people being able to communicate through thought-shapes. When Katherine and Sally got caught and tortured they finally tell some of the names to the inspector. This forces David, Rosalind and Petra to runaway to the fringes, and they established some kind of contact with a woman from Sealant (Zealand, On page 134). The help that the sealant woman promised is on their way to the fringes. The plot is greatly influenced, David learns more things as the time goes on. He discovers who is the Spiderman(Gordon) and where is Sophie. He meets them and learn what it is like to live in the fringes. When the sealant woman rescues David, Rosalind and Petra they are brought to a big, developed city like the one in David's dreams. Because of the telepathy David discovers that such a city really exists but most of all through Petra they establish contact with a more civilized people than they are. Because of the conflicts in the story it leads the main characters to discover the sealant city. Telepathy not only affects the plot of the story but also the main characters in the novel. The most obvious thing is that David, Rosalind and Petra are saved. They have a chance to learn, experience new things they never saw or heard before. Mike and Rachel stays behind but hopes to come to the big city were things are different. Some characters died in the final chapter when the helicopter makes a landing killing everything that moves around it. The characters that died where: the spiderman (Gordon), David's father, Sophie and all the people from the fringes and Waknuk that where near the helicopter. Waknuk might be affected by the discovery of the sealant city because the reader finds out (in the final chapter) that the sealant city is very developed and people are better educated. They are also civilized and understand that Waknuk is a village cut off from the surroundings because of the radiation. If Waknuk will be helped as predicted it may become a big, civilized city like Zealand. The natives in Waknuk will stop thinking that Tribulation was sent by God and that all deviations are devil's creation. They might understand that the radiation might be the remaining of a nuclear bomb or nuclear war. The sealant people might help Waknuk in education and they themselves may build the machines like today's, and grow more productive crops. The entire thinking and appearance of Waknuk might change. On the other hand when the radiation will go away after a while the sealant people might go deeper and deeper into the surrounding land. Waknuk might be taken over by other cities because it could not and/or would not know how to compete with the cities. This also might depend on how are the Zealand people like. If they are so understanding and educated they will probably help Waknuk to develop, but if the people won't help then the `negative point' could be true. Many things can affect the plot of a story, the characters or the surroundings in a story. In this novel these three points were influenced by mental telepathy. This type of story could be an example how people were in the past (in the really world). It is an idea what could really happen if a nuclear war would become a reality.

Optimal LDL cholesterol levels Essays

Optimal LDL cholesterol levels Essays Optimal LDL cholesterol levels Paper Optimal LDL cholesterol levels Paper Dyslipidemia came from the words â€Å"dys-â€Å" plus â€Å"lipid† which means fat and â€Å"-emia† which means in the blood. Altogether it means essentially, disordered lipids in the blood. According to Merck Co. 2008, Dyslipidemia is a disorder of lipoprotein metabolism, including lipoprotein overproduction or deficiency. Dyslipidemias may be manifested by elevation of the total cholesterol, the bad low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and the triglyceride concentrations, and a decrease in the good high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration in the blood. Dyslipidemia is a condition wherein it comes under consideration in many situations including diabetes, a common cause of lipidemia. For adults with diabetes, it has been recommended that the levels of LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol, and triglyceride be measured every year. Optimal LDL cholesterol levels for adults with diabetes are less than 100 mg/dL (2. 60 mmol/L), optimal HDL cholesterol levels are e4qual to or greater than 40 mg/dL (1. 02 mmol/L), and desirable triglyceride levels are less than 150 mg/dL (1. 7 mmol/L). Dyslipidemias were traditionally classified by patterns of elevation in lipids and lipoproteins. A more practical system categorizes dyslipidemias as primary or secondary and characterizes them by increases in cholesterol only (pure or isolated hypercholesterolemia), increases in TGs only (pure or isolated hypertriglyceridemia), or increases in both cholesterol and TGs (mixed or combined hyperlipidemias). This system does not take into account specific lipoprotein abnormalities (eg, low HDL or high LDL) that may contribute to disease despite normal cholesterol and TG levels. Dyslipidemia is a condition marked by abnormal concentrations of lipids or lipoproteins in the blood. (Merriam- Webster’s Medical Dictionary 2006) The Primary cause of dyslipidemia are single or multiple genetic mutations that result in either overproduction or defective clearance of TG and LDL cholesterol, or in underproduction or excessive clearance of HDL Primary lipid disorders are suspected when a patient has physical signs of dyslipidemia, onset of premature atherosclerotic disease less than 60 years old, a family history of atherosclerotic disease, or serum cholesterol 240 mg/dL ( 6. 2 mmol/L). Primary disorders, the most common cause of dyslipidemia in children, do not cause a large percentage of cases in adults. The names of many reflect an old nomenclature in which lipoproteins were detected and distinguished by how they separated into ? (HDL) and ? (LDL) bands on electrophoretic gels. The Secondary cause of this disease contributes to most cases of dyslipidemia in adults. The most significant secondary cause in developed countries is a sedentary lifestyle with excessive dietary intake of saturated fat, cholesterol, and trans fatty acids (TFAs). TFAs are polyunsaturated fatty acids to which hydrogen atoms have been added; they are commonly used in many processed foods and are as atherogenic as saturated fat. Other frequent secondary causes include diabetes mellitus, alcohol overuse, chronic renal insufficiency and/or failure, hypothyroidism, primary biliary cirrhosis and other cholestatic liver diseases, and drugs, such as thiazides, ? -blockers, retinoids, highly active antiretroviral agents, estrogen and progestins, and glucocorticoids. Diabetes is most common significant secondary cause because patients tend to have an atherogenic arrangement of high TGs; high small, dense LDL fractions; and low HDLs (diabetic dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemic hyperapo B). Patients with type 2 diabetes are especially at risk. The combination may be a consequence of obesity and/or poor control of diabetes, which may increase circulating FFAs, leading to increased hepatic VLDL production. TG-rich VLDL then transfers TG and cholesterol to LDL and HDL, promoting formation of TG-rich, small, dense LDL and clearance of TG-rich HDL. Diabetic dyslipidemia is often exacerbated by the increased caloric intake and physical inactivity that characterize the lifestyles of some patients with type 2 diabetes. Women with diabetes may be at exceptional risk for cardiac disease from this form. B. Signs and Symptoms Dyslipidemia itself can cause no symptoms but can lead to symptomatic vascular disease, including coronary artery disease and peripheral arterial disease. High TGs ( 1000 mg/dL [ 11. 3 mmol/L]) can cause acute pancreatitis. Extremely high levels of LDL can cause eyelid xanthelasmas; arcus corneae; and tendinous xanthomas found at the Achilles, elbow, and knee tendons and over metacarpophalangeal joints. Patients with the homozygous form of familial hypercholesterolemia may have the above findings plus planar or cutaneous xanthomas. Patients with severe elevations of TGs can have eruptive xanthomas over the trunk, back, elbows, buttocks, knees, hands, and feet. Patients with the rare dysbetalipoproteinemia can have palmar and tuberous xanthomas. Another one is severe hypertriglyceridemia which is ( 2000 mg/dL [ 22. 6 mmol/L]) it can give retinal arteries and veins a creamy white appearance (lipemia retinalis). Extremely high lipid levels also give a lactescent (milky) appearance to blood plasma. Dyslipidemias are usually asymptomatic; it may cause xanthelesmas and xanthelamata, and after a prolonged period it may result into Ischemic heart disease, Peripheral vascular disease, Cerebrovasular disease and kidney disease C. Physical Exam Findings It is usually diagnosed by measuring serum lipids, though it may be suspected in patients with characteristic physical findings. Routine measurements also known as lipid profile, includes total cholesterol (TC), TGs, HDL, and LDL. TC, TGs, and HDL are measured directly; TC and TG values reflect cholesterol and TGs in all circulating lipoproteins, including chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL. TC values vary by 10% and TGs by up to 25% day-to-day even in the absence of disease. TC and HDL can be measured in the nonfasting state, but most patients should have all lipids measured while fasting for maximum accuracy and consistency. Testing of the disease should be postponed until after resolution of acute illness, because TGs increase and cholesterol levels decrease in inflammatory states. Lipid profiles are generally reliable within the first 24 h after an acute MI but then change. LDL values are most often calculated as the amount of cholesterol not contained in HDL and VLDL, where VLDL is estimated by TG ? 5; ie, LDL = TC ? [HDL + (TGs ? 5)] (Friedewald formula). VLDL cholesterol is estimated by TG ? 5 because the cholesterol concentration in VLDL particles is usually 1? 5 of the total lipid in the particle. This calculation is valid only when TGs are 400 mg/dL and patients are fasting, because eating increases TGs. The calculated LDL value incorporates measures of all non-HDL, nonchylomicron cholesterol, including that in IDL and Lp(a). LDL can also be measured directly using plasma ultracentrifugation, which separates chylomicrons and VLDL fractions from HDL and LDL, and by an immunoassay method. Direct measurement may be useful in some patients with elevated TGs to determine if LDL levels are also high, but these direct measurements are not routinely necessary. The role of apo B testing is under study because values reflect all non-HDL cholesterol (in VLDL, VLDL remnants, IDL, and LDL) and may be more predictive of coronary artery disease (CAD) risk than LDL alone. (Brunner Suddhart’s Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing 10th edition 2004) A fasting lipid profile (TC, TGs, HDL, and calculated LDL) should be obtained in all adults ? 20 yr and should be repeated q 5 yr. Lipid measurement should be accompanied by assessment of other cardiovascular risk factors, defined as diabetes mellitus, cigarette use, hypertension, and family history of CAD in a male 1st-degree relative before age 55 or a female 1st-degree relative before age 65. A definite age after which patients no longer require screening has not been established, but evidence supports screening of patients into their 80s, especially in the presence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Indications for screening patients 20 yr are atherosclerotic risk factors, such as diabetes, hypertension, cigarette smoking, and obesity; premature CAD in a parent, grandparent, or sibling; or a cholesterol level 240 mg/dL ( 6. 2 mmol/L) or known dyslipidemia in a parent. If information on relatives is unavailable, as in the case of adopted children, screening is at the discretion of the health care practitioner. Patients with premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular disease with normal or near-normal lipid levels, an extensive family history of heart disease, or high LDL refractory to drug therapy should probably have Lp(a) levels measured. Lp(a) levels may also be directly measured in patients with borderline high LDL to determine if drug therapy is warranted. C-reactive protein and homocysteine measurement may be considered in the same populations. Tests for secondary causes of dyslipidemia- including measurements of fasting glucose, liver enzymes, creatinine, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and urinary protein- should be performed in most patients with newly diagnosed dyslipidemia, and when a component of the lipid profile has inexplicably changed for the worse. D. Treatment Prognosis The prognosis of this disease varies with lipid levels and other cardiovascular risk factors. Treatment for dyslipidemia is indicated for all patients with cardiovascular disease (secondary prevention) and for some without (primary prevention). The National Institutes of Healths National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII) guidelines are the most common reference for deciding which adults should be treated The guidelines focus primarily on reducing elevated LDL levels and secondarily on treating high TGs, low HDL, and metabolic syndrome (see Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome: Metabolic Syndrome). An alternate treatment guide (the Sheffield table) uses TC: HDL ratios combined with presence of CAD risk factors to predict cardiovascular risk, but this approach probably leads to undertreatment. E. Bibliography Anne Hackman, MD; Yasunori Abe, MD; William Insull, Jr, MD; Henry Pownall, PhD; Louis Smith, PhD; Kay Dunn, PhD; Antonio M. Gotto, Jr, MD, DPhil; Christie M. Ballantyne, MD; 1996 Levels of Soluble Cell Adhesion Molecules in Patients With Dyslipidemia; Circulation. 1996;93:1334-1338 Brunner Suddhart’s Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing 10th edition 2004 Frick MH, Elo O, Haapa K, Heinonen OP, Heinsalmi P, Helo P, Huttunen JK, Kaitaniemi P, Koskinen P, Manninen V 1987 Nov 12;317(20):1237-45. Helsinki Heart Study: primary-prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia. Safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart disease. et al. 1: N Engl J Med. Haffner SM 1998 Jan; 21(1):160-78. Management of dyslipidemia in adults with diabetes. PMID: 9538988 [PubMed indexed for MEDLINE] Jonathan Valabhji, Robert S Elkeles 2003; Dyslipidemia in Type 2 Diabetes: Epidemiology and Biochemistry Medicine Net, Inc. 1996-2008; Dyslipidemia definition: medterms. com/script/main/art. asp? articlekey=33979 Merck Manual Professional 1995-2008; Dyslipidemia: Lipid Disorders: merck. com/mmpe/sec12/ch159/ch159b. html Merriam- Webster’s Medical Dictionary 2006

Business Ethics in the Business World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Business Ethics in the Business World - Essay Example However, the aim of business ethics is to encourage the business leaders to strive to achieve ethical perfection and to not be put off by the fact that ethics could not be always 100% applied in every area and decision-making process. This essay aims at scrutinizing the role played by business ethics and illuminating multiple ways by which it works to enhance a business’s functionality. Essay Acknowledging the importance of ethical standards in the business world is highly important because ethics form the foundation of all successful and reputable businesses around the globe. Any business lacking ethical principles is bound to crash sooner or later. It is critically important that business organizations take maximum advantage of this ideology. The role of ethics in every way of life is indisputable which is why discussing it also remains highly important in the context of business. General consensus is that even businesses started with a prodigious sum of investment could dra stically fail if decisions are made without paying considerable attention to the role of ethics. Therefore, it is crucially important to acknowledge the role of ethics while designing business strategies, managing workforce, and satisfying customers because it is the ethical principles which primarily direct businesses in the right direction and illuminate which elements need to be curbed in order to avoid failure. Most of the business practices and changes fail to be incorporated seriously because the responsible people do not know much about the ethical rules which should be followed as a way of ensuring foolproof implementation. This essay is primarily based on contemplating the nature of role played by ethics in the business world in addition to evaluating the extent to which it regulates the solidarity and strength of a business. (Texans Credit Union, n.d.) The above figure demonstrates different components of Texan's Credit Union's business ethics strategy which promotes one u nified message: "Do the right thing" (Texans Credit Union, n.d.). Texans's Credit Unions is a successful company based in Texas and it is easy to appreciate from the above figure that business ethics promote shared values, organizational commitment, motivation, good conduct, positive leadership and operating practices, communication hotline, and vision in an organization. It also helps in eliminating the excessive use of power by the employers because it makes them realize that employees form one of the most important stakeholders for the business who invest long hours of gruel work to manage the consequences of every decision and policy. In the absence of ethics, businesses are readily exposed to both internal and external chaos. The leaders who reject the notion of ethics prefer to lead employees with force and violence and often act as tyrants depending on the use of intimidation and threats. Such a negative attitude rips the talented workforce off of motivation, dedication, and work commitment and business ethics work to just reverse this condition. Much research has been done to evaluate the nature of influence exerted by authoritativeness on ethics and it is revealed that negative leading styles tend to kill the function of ethics in every business area. Unhealthy use of power in a business settlement not based on ethics leads to corrupting the workforce most